Number of Bones of Chicken, Cattle, horse, Dog & Pig

Species	Skull concluding hyoid & mandible	Vertebral column	Ribs & Sternum	Forelimb	Hind limb	Visceral bone	Total
Cattle	34	51	R+S=T 26+1	24×2=48	24×2=48	2	210
Horse	34	54	36+1	20×2=40	20×2=40	Absent	202
Dog	34	51	26+1	40×2=80	38×2=76	1	269
Pig	40	41	14=1	14×2=28	21×2=42	1	166

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Vertebral formula of Various animal

Vertebral formula of Various animal:

1.Horse:C₇T₁₈L₆S₅Cy_15-20

2.Ox:C₇T₁₃L₆S₅Cy_18-20

3.Goat:C₇T₁₃L_6-7S₄Cy_16-18

4.Dog:C₇T₁₃L₇S₃Cy_20-23

5.Pig:C₇T₁₄₊₅L_6-7S₄Cy₂₀

6.Chicken:C₁₄T₇(L+S)₁₄Cy_4-9

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Why Atlas and Axis are called deviant vertebra?

Why Atlas and Axis are called deviant vertebra?
The vertebra which contains body,archand processes is called a typical vertebra.It has 3 processes.
                                        1.Spinous process
                                        2.Articular process
                                        3.Transverse process

Articular processes are 2 not far away and wide off from each cranial and caudal aspects.
In atlas,the body and spinous process are absent.Theres a fovea dentis which is absent in typical vertebra.Again in axis,the cranial articular orocesses are absent.It has a projection known as odontoid process which is absent in typical vertebra.Thats why atlas and axis are called blinking vertebra.

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Pelvic girdleor bony cavities

Pelvic girdle/bony cavities:

It is formed by two os-coxae(illium+ischium+pubis)or hip bones,sacrum and first few caudal vertebrae.

Ossa-coxarum=os-coxae+os-coxae.

Pelvic inlet: It is formed-

*Dorsally by cranial border of sacrum

*Laterally by shaft of Ilium

*Ventrally cranial border of pubic bone.

Thoracic inlet:Is formed-

*Dorsally by first thoracic vertebra

*Laterally by first pair of ribs

*Ventrally by manubrium of sternum

Thorasic case/bony thorax:is formed-

*Dorsally by series of thorasic vertebra

*Laterally by 13 pairs of ribs

*Ventrally by sternum

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Histological comparison among the rumen,reticulum,omasum and abomasum.

Histological comparison among the rumen,reticulum,omasum and abomasum.

Traits	Rumen	Reticulum	Omasum	Abomasum
Lamina epi.	Stratified Sq.	Stratified Sq.	Stratified Sq.	Simple Columnar
Lamina propria	Loose CT,reticular fiber	Loose CT,reticular fiber	Loose CT,reticular fiber	Loose CT
Gland	No gland	No gland	No gland	Gastric gland present
Lamina muscularis mucosa	Absent	Thin smooth muscle	Smooth muscle	Inner-circulae,outer-longitudinai ,smooth muscle
Stratum compactum	Absent	Absent	Absent	Present
Tunica sub-mucosa	Loose CT,blood vessel,nerve,lymph present	Loose CT,blood vessel,nerve,lymph present	Loose CT,blood vessel,nerve,lymph present	Para sympathetic  nerve
Tunica muscularis	Smooth muscle	INNER-circular, Outer-Longitudinal smooth muscle layer	Smooth muscle	Same to reticulum
Tunica Serosa	Loose CT,Covered by Simple   Sq.	Loose CT,Covered by Simple   Sq	Loose CT,Covered by Simple   Sq Absent	Loose CT,Covered by Simple   Sq

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The Arterial System of Guinea Pig

The Arterial System:

I. The left aorta (right is absent) arises from the base of the left ventricle, turus left, forms an arch round the left bronchus and runs posterodorsally as the dorsal aorta, through an aperture in the diaphragm. The aortic arch has three portions—the ascending aorta, aortic arch and dorsal aorta.

1. Coronary artery:

Two or three small vessels arise close to the base of ascending aorta and supply blood to the heart.

2. Brachiocephalic artery:

First branch of aortic arch. It divides into a lateral branch, the right subclavian artery and a medial short, stout branch forming the base of the right and left common carotids.

A. Right subclavian:

Arising from the bra­chiocephalic artery it runs outward between the first rib and clavicle and sends following branches.

i. Vertebral to cranial cavity, para­vertebral musculatures and spinal cord.

ii. Caudal thyroid runs forward ob­liquely to the left, divides into right and left caudal thyroid, proceed anteriorly by the sides of the trachea, supply the thyroid gland.

iii. Superficial cranial supply the muscles of neck region.

iv. Internal thoracic supply the sternal region.

v. Costocervical supply the neck, up­per part of thoracic wall and dia­phragm.

3. Axillary:

The portion of the artery be­yond the origin of costocervical up to the bra­chial artery.

It sends the following branches:

i. External thoracic supplies pectoral and trapezius muscles and axillary lymph nodes.

ii. Lateral thoracic supplies muscles of pectoral region.

iii. Subscapular supplies upper arm, scapula and thorax.

4. Brachial continues to the extremity of the forelimb and divides into a number of branches.

5. Common carotid:

Left and right com­mon carotid arise from a common base.

a. Right Common carotid runs to the head lying parallel and right to the trachea. Sending a branch to the lymph node the artery divides into two—external and internal and supplies the right side in the anterior region.

i. Internal carotid enters the skull and supplies to the brain and deep struc­tures of the head.

ii. External carotid branches to supply head, tongue, jaw, parotid gland, pharynx, oesophagus and thyroid gland.

b. Left common carotid branches similar to right common carotid.

B. Left subclavian:

Arises directly from the aortic arch at a short distance from the brachio­cephalic artery. Branches are similar to those of the right subclavian, except lacking caudal thyroid.

6. Dorsal aorta:

Runs posteromedially and sends following branches to the middle and posterior part of the body:

i. Intercostal:

A few pairs of small ar­teries supply thoracic region.

The dorsal aorta pierces the dia­phragm, enters the abdominal cav­ity.

The branches in the abdominal region are:

ii. Coeliac:

A large unpaired vessel, send branches to oesophagus, stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, major part of intestine, caecum, ascending trans­verse and descending colon, and other associated structures.

iii. Renal:

Two pairs. The anterior pair supply kidneys, and send branches to adrenal and diaphragm as caudal phrenic arteries. The posterior pair ends in Kidneys.

iv. Genital:

Paired, supply gonads and their ducts.

v. Lumbar:

A few paired arteries poste­rior to genitals, supply dorsomedian muscles of the lumbar region.

vi. Median sacral:

Arises at the junction of two common iliacs and supplies sacral and coccygeal region.

vii. Caudal mesenteric:

Unpaired, arises from the dorsal aorta in between sec­ond and third pairs of lumbars and sends branches to descending colon, rectum and anal region.

viii. Common iliac:

Paired, the right and left common iliacs are formed by the bifurcation of the dorsal aorta. Each divides into two major branches, external and internal.

a. External iliac:

Supplies abdominal wall and urinogenital organs through pseudoepigastric branch and continues as femoral artery in the hind-limb.

Caudal abdominal:

Two. Arise from external iliacs and supply the structures in the posterior abdomen.

b. Internal iliac:

Runs backward and supplies the pelvic region and urinary bladder.

II. Pulmonary trunk:

Originate from the right ventricle, courses towards the dorsal side and bifurcates into right and left. The right pulmonary artery passes dorsal to the aortic arch, divides into four branches to supply four lobes of the right lung. The left pulmonary artery passes ventral to the aortic arch, divides into three branches to sup­ply three lobes of left lung.

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The Venous System of Guinea Pig

The Venous System:

The cranial vena cava draining blood from anterior region and the caudal vena cava from the middle and posterior region of the body open respectively into the cranio- caudal and craniodorsal region of the right atrium. Only hepatic portal system is present (Fig. 20.2).

1. Cranial vena cava:

The cranial vena cava is formed by the joining of right and left brachiocephalic veins. A brachiocephalic vein is formed by the joining of external and internal jugulars and subcla­vian.

A. External jugular formed by the union of:

a. Linguofacial from tongue and adjacent region.

b. Facial from facial region.

c. Maxillary from maxillary region.

d. Deep cervical from pectoral muscles.

e. Supra and subscapular from scapular region.

B. Internal jugular formed by the union of:

a. Pharyngeal from pharynx.

b. Oesophageal and trachal from oesophagus and trachea.

The two jugulars unite and open into the brachiocephalic vein of the side.

C. Right subclavian:

Formed by the union of:

a. Brachial from the extremity of the fore limb and continues inward as axillary vein re­ceiving costocervical from the thoracic wall, neck muscles and phrenic from the diaphragm.

b. The axillary continues as subclavian and receives:

i. Vertebral from vertebral column

ii. First intercostal from anterior inter­costal space

iii. Supreme intercostal from first two intercostal spaces

D. Left subclavian:

Formed by veins similar to those of right side:

1. Cranial vena cava:

It is a short and stout vessel, directly re­ceives:

i. Vertebral from vertebral column

ii. Internal thoracic from fifth and sixth intercostal spaces

iii. Azygos from the thoracic wall and diaphragm (phrenic)

2. Caudal vena cava:

It is formed by the union of veins bringing blood from the middle and posterior region of the body.

a. Median sacral from the sacral and coc­cygeal region

b. External iliac by the joining of:

i. Femoral from hind-limb

ii. Pseudo gastric from abdominal muscles and urinogenital organs

iii. Internal iliac from urinary bladder and pelvic region

iv. Common iliac is formed by the join­ing of two iliacs

The caudal vena cava in its forward course receives:

v. Caudal abdominal from the posterior abdomen and rectum and joins the common iliac

vi. Lumbars from lumbar region

vii. Genitals from testis/ovaries

viii. Renals from kidneys receiving adrenals

ix. Caudal phrenic from diaphragm

x. Cranial abdominal from abdomen

xi. Hepatic a single vein from the liver.

The caudal vena cava pierces the dia­phragm following a middle course and forms a shallow arch to the right and opens in the right atrium.

3. Hepatic portal system:

Hepatic portal vein is formed by joining of following veins from the visceral organs.

i. Cystic from gall bladder

ii. Cranial mesenteric from intestine

iii. Caudal mesenteric from rectum

iv. Gastro-duodenal from stomach, pancreas and anterior part of the intestine.

The hepatic portal vein branches in the lobes of the liver.

4. Pulmonary veins:

A single vein from the right and two veins joining to form one from the left lung, join to form a common pulmonary vein opening in the left atrium.

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