Bunostomum:
Major Specie
|
Host
|
Location/Site
|
Distribution
|
B.
phlebotomum
|
Cattle/Ruminant
|
Small intestine
|
Worldwide
|
Bunostomum
trigonocephalum
|
sheep and goats
|
Identification
Gross:
·
Bunostomum
is one of the larger nematodes of the small intestine of ruminants, being 1.0-3.0 cm long and characteristically hooked at the anterior end.
Microscopic:
·
The
large buccal capsule bears on the margin a pair of cutting plates and
internally a large dorsal cone.
Life
Cycle:
Infection
with the L3 may be percutaneous or oral, only the former being
followed by pulmonary migration. The prepatent period ranges from 1 to 2 month.
(see canine hook worm’s life cycle)
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs:
·
The
adult worms are blood suckers
·
Infections
by 100-500 worms will produce anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, loss of weight and
occasionally diarrhea. In calves, skin penetration of the larvae may be
accompanied by foot stamping and signs of itching.
Diagnosis:
- Clinical History with epidemiology
- Clinical signs
- Coproscopy:
Treatment and Control:
- The prophylactic anthelmintic regimens practised for Ostertagia or Haemonchus are usually sufficient to control this parasite.
- Otherwise treatment of outbreaks should be accompanied by measures to improve hygiene, particularly with regard to the disposal of manure, and by the provision of dry bedding for housed or yarded animals
Aeriostomum
- Agriostomum vryburgi is a common hookworm of the large intestine of cattle and buffaloes in Asia and South America. Its life cycle is probably direct and its pathogenicity, although unknown, presumably depends on its haematophagic habits.
Hookworms
in man:
- Two hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, occur in man in the tropics.
- Their pathogenesis is similar to that of A. caninum, but transmammary infection does not occur.
Comparative
life cycles of different species of Ancylostomatoidae super family:
1.
Traits
|
Ancylostoma
|
Bunostomum
|
Uncinaria
|
2.
Transmission
|
Peroral,transmammary,
Transplcental, skin penetration.
|
Peroral,transmammary,
Skin penetration.
|
Peroral,
Transplcental,skin penetration.
|
3.
PPP
|
14-21 days
|
1-2 months
|
15 days
|
Superfamily Metastrongyloidea
- Most worms in this superfamily inhabit the lungs or the blood vessels adjacent to the lungs. The typical life cycle is indirect, and the intermediate host is usually a mollusc.
- They may be conveniently divided into three groups according to host; those occurring in pigs, in sheep and goats, and in the domestic carnivores.
Major Specie
|
F/H
|
I/H
|
Location/Site
|
Distribution
|
Metastrongylus
apri
(syn. Elongatus)
M. salmi
M. pudendotectus
|
Pig
|
Earthworms
|
Small bronchi and bronchioles,
especially those of the posterior lobes of the lungs
|
Worldwide
|
Muellerius capillaris,
|
Sheep
and Goat
|
snails and slugs
|
alveoli
|
Worldwide except for arctic and sub-arctic regions.
|
Proto-strongylus
|
snails.
|
small bronchioles
|
||
Oslerus
osleri
|
Domestic and wild dogs
|
Absent
|
Embedded
in fibrous nodules in tracheal bifurcation and adjacent to bronchi.
|
Worldwide
|
Aelurostrongylus
abstrusus
|
Cats.
|
Many
mollusks
|
Lung
parenchyma and small bronchioles
|
Worldwide
|
Crenosoma
vulpis
|
Dogs and farmed foxes
|
Mainly land snails.
|
Trachea,
bronchi, and bronchioles
|
Worldwide
|
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